THE EVALUATION OF SURABAYA ECO-HOUSE PROJECTiPASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEM IN INDONESIA) AND THE FUTURE PROGRAM OF THE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IN THE HUMID TROPICS
Dr.
Shuji Funo
Naohiko
Yamamoto
Preface---Background
of the Project
It is
in 1996 that Ministry of Construction(MOC) and Infrastructure Development
Institute (IDI)-Japan started so called Echo-House project which intend to
transfer the technologies related with passive solar system to Indonesia. But
we have prehistory which leads it.
I(FUNO)
came first to Indonesia in 1979 and met Prof. J.Silas at Building Research
Institute in Bandung who came from Surabaya by chance. It was a fateful
encounter because we began a joint research project on campaigns in Surabaya
since then. We , Japanese team learned a lot from ITS team leaded by Prof. J.
Sills and also from the camping field. I(FUNO)
wrote a paper titled 'Dominant Issues of Three Typical Kampungs@and
Evaluation of KIP' for the seminar (Peran Perbaikan Kampung dalam Pembangunan
Kota, KOTAMADJA SURABAYA ITS) held at
the city hall of Surabaya in which alternative strategies for urban renewal
after KIP(Kampung Improvement Program) are discussed. (1) Conservation of the
Base(positive characteristics) of Kampung , (2)People's Participation, (3)
Small Scale Project, (4)Step by Step Approach, (5) Design of Prototype of
Kampung House, (6)Design of Rental
House, (7)Arrangement of Dwelling Units,
(8)Flexible Building System which makes gradual extension possible,
(9)Use of Local Materials and Establishment of Workshop that produce and sell
building parts, (10) Land Sharing System, (11)Rolling Land System,
(12)Co-operative Housing, (13)Arisan(money saving system by mutual aid) for
House Improvement and Construction, (14)Maintenance System, (15)Guide Lines and
Building Code are the focuses which we aimed at in it.
The
Prototype of flats were designed based on the field studies and
discussions, and Rusun(Rumah Susun)
Dupak and Sombo which are now well known as an Indonesian model of flats were
realized. Prof. J. Silas was invited to many cities including Jakarta as an
architect-plannner or adviser to prevail the model so called Kasun(Kampung
Susun).
Then
MOC-IDI gave us next step opportunity to refine the model according to the
suggestion by Dr. Y. Kodama who is one of the members of organising committee
of PLEA(Passive and Low Energy Architecture). Dr. Y. Kodama as the chair of
PLEA-Japan held the 13th international conference at Kushiro City which is
located in the northern part of Japan in January,1996. I(FUNO) was invited to
that conference as one of the panelist and asked Dr. Y. Kodama frankly whom I
know from the student times 'Why do you discuss only about the Eco cycle house
in the cold area with high latitude ? Do
you think the Eco-house Model is more needed in the humid tropics? ' It is not
to say what Dr. Y. Kodama have done after the conference.
It is
very lucky that N. Yamamoto, graduate student in doctorate course of Kyoto
University who still lives in Surabaya to study the Madurese kampungs and colonial
cities in Indonesia under the guide of Prof. J. Silas played a role of the
project manager with the capable staffs of ITS leaded by Ir. Nastiti and Ir.
Irvan.
I. The Basic Concept of Surabaya
Eco-house---Passive Cooling Technology
Eco-house
was designed as a collective house model for Indonesia(the humid tropics) which
basically follows the Kasun concept. Eco-house model is assumed to be built
based on the some principles of KIP and after KIP program mentioned above. Eco-house projects should be implemented
according to the following policies.
A. Integrated Approach
B. Community Initiative
C. Participation
D. Step by Step Approach
E. Small Scale Project
F. Self Build, Housing by Mutual aid
G. Housing System based on Eco-system
H. Appropriate Technology
I. Housing as a Process
J. Variety of Space
We use
the following passive cooling technologies related with G and H above this
time. Skeleton infill building system
are introduced in terms with C, D, F. and I. Using the natural resources like
local materials(coconut fibre for insulation), solar energy, well water ....is
the basic idea. Recycle system of garbage will be pursued more in the future.
A. Double Roofing
B. Windows and Outer-wall for Insulating Sunlight
Heat
C. Open Common Space---Cross Ventilation and
Natural Lighting
D. Ventilation Channels (Private Sections)
E. Cold Storage by Night Ventilation
F. Circulating-Water Radiant Cooling System
II. The Process of Construction
A.
Process chart
Progress
chart is shown as attached table. The building construction was completed by
PT. PP. Taisei Indonesia Construction,
practically in five months excluding Lebaran holydays.
<1st
month>
[Temporary Works] install temporary
fence,levelling soil, excavation relocation drainage, backfill existing
drainage, make site office
[Concrete Struc. Works] Works/fabrication
rebar pile cap & tie beam
<2nd
month>
[Temporary Works]sight cleaning
[Concrete Struc. Work] fabrication and install
rebar column/rebar pile cap, fabrication pile cap water tank, tie beam/beam 2nd Fl
[Earth Work] levelling sandfill &
compaction, excavation pile cap
[Pile Work] pile driving/head cutting,
dewatering pile cap
[Wooden Struc. Work] fabrication frame door
& window
<3rd
month>
[Temporary Works]site cleaning
[Earth Work] soil diposal, excavation for tie
beam,back fill
[Concrete Struc. Work]installation bataco for
formwork pile cap, setting rebar for pile cap/column/tie beam 1F,curing
concrete, fabrication rebar for tie beam & column, concreting pile cap/tie
beam, fabrication rebar for tie beam/column 2F,fabrication/setting formework
for column
[Wooden Struc. Work]frame door & window
[Earth Work] soil diposal, excavation for tie
beam,back fill
<4th
month>
[Temporary Works]site cleaning
[Earth Work]back fill, excavation water tank
[Concrete Struc. Work]fabrication/setting
re-bar slab, beam/column 2F/slab, setting re-bar/formwork column 2F,
fabrication/setting formwork for column 1F, setting support formwork slab &
beam 2F/slab & beam 3F pouring/curing concrete slab & beam 2nd Fl,
fabrication formwork column 2nd Fl, fabrication/setting re-bar/formwork/pouring
concrete slab/ beam 3F, removal formwork slab & beam 2F/column 1F
[Wooden Struc. Work]fabrication/setting wooden
roof, setting embedded plate/box plate for wooden column 3F, setting wooden
column/beam 3F
[Floor Finishing Work]setting styrofoam under
slab 2nd Fl
<5th
month>
[Earth Work]Excavation/dewatering water tank,
Soil disposal
[Pile Work]Pile cutting water tank
[Concrete Struc. Work]Removal formwork
slab/beam 3F/column 2F, Fabrication rebar stair/water tank, Setting formwork
stair 1F-2F,Setting bataco formwork/rebar beam water tank, Setting
rebar/Pouring concrete/Lean concrete pile cap/tie beam/bottom and top slab,
Removal formwork stairs
[Wooden Struc. Work] Setting roofing
[Wall Work]Setting wooden wall 3F,Setting
brickwall 2F/ 3F, Plastering wall 2F/3F, Rough plastering beam 2F
[Ceiling Work]Setting cantilever
[Fitting Work]Fabrication/Setting wooden
window
[Miscelianeous Work]Finish beam & slab
(exposed ceiling), setting steel railing stair, wooden railing
[Piping Work]Piping toilet & kitchen
[Sanitary Fixture]Excavation/Setting/Pouring
septictank & absorption
[Solar Water Heater]Setting
[Electoric Piping, Switch & Consent]ME
[Cooling Water Circulation System]Setting
wiremesh, polypropilene pipe/covering mortar 10cm 2F/3F
<6th
month>
[Temporary Work]Setting BRC fence/cover
manhole, Romoval temporary fence, Cleaning remaining material from site
location
[Floor Finishing Work] Mortar at balcony,
Finish floor common room, Finish side & bottom stairs
[Wall Work] Painting wall, ceiling, door, roof
truss & window
[Ceiling Work] Painting cantilever concrete
roof tile
[Miscelianeous Work] Setting step
nosing/skirting, Repair steel railing stair
[Piping Work] Pipe shaft, Setting down spot
& floor drain
[Sanitary Fixture] Setting ceramic wall &
floor tile, Setting hardware & sanitary
[Electoric Piping, Switch & Consent]
Excavation power cable, Lighting, Connection cable power
[Cooling Water Circulation System] Setting
water supply pum, Setting circulation water headerp
B.
Number of total workers
Total
working days are 162 days and total number of the workers are 3192 persons.
This is almost equivalant to 20 workers a day on average. For the first 1
month, Number of wokers are less than 10 persons. During the 2 weeks from 4th
month, when the site proceeded with the execution of concrete structure work,
the number of the workers was the largest which amounts to 60 persons a day.
After this period, the number of the workers decreased to some 30 persons a
day.
As
seen from the variety of work through total period of the construction,
excluding unskilled workers (36%), concrete structure workers (27%: consists
from re-bar worker14% and form worker13%)
is the
largest, followed by carpenter(13%), brick layer(5%), pile worker(3%), paint
worker(3%) and misc.finish worker(3%).
III. The Method of Monitoring
A. Expected
effects (Objects for evaluation)
1.
Effect of the roof design (Double Roofing)
2.
Effect of the Floor Slab (Circulating-Water Radiant Cooling System)
3.
Effect of the Cross-ventilation
4.
Effect of the Cold Storage by Night Ventilation
5. Effect
of the building as a whole
6. The
rest: void in the floor slab of open common space, each room and others
B.
Measurement pattern
Monitoring
was implemented with the patterns as follows. There are five patterns depending
on time schedule for opening and closing time for windows and Circulating-Water
Radiant Cooling System
1.
Windows left open all day, with Circulating-Water Radiant Cooling System
2.
Windows closed all day, with Circulating-Water Radiant Cooling System
3A.
windows open from a.m.8:00 to p.m.5:00, with Circulating-Water Radiant Cooling
System
3B.
windows open from a.m.8:00 to p.m.5:00, without Circulating-Water Radiant
Cooling System
4.
Windows closed from a.m.8:00 to p.m.5:00, with Circulating-Water Radiant
Cooling System
The table
below shows relationship between expected effects and measurement pattern.
pattern1 pattern2 pattern3A pattern3B pattern4
Double
roofing + + + + +
floor
slab (A) + + + - +
floor
slab (B) - - - + -
Cross
ventilation + - + + +
Cold
Storage by - - - - - +
Night
Ventilation
C. Schedule
for monitoring
Duration
of the each pattern was 7 days (one week). The first two days was preparatory
period to remove influence from last pattern. The data collected from 3rd day
is used for analysis. A series of five patterns is considered as one cycle.
Monitoring is repeated three cycles, which means that the whole period is 15
weeks.
In a
cycle, order of patterns were planned as follows.
<1st
week: pattern 3A> <2nd week: pattern 3B> <3rd week: pattern
4><4th week: pattern 1>
<5th
week: pattern 2>
When
the monitoring was started, it was only a month before the biginning of the
rainy season. With this order, it was expected that data would be collected
with minimum influence from rain or crowdy weather at least in the first cycle.
In other words, the more effective the pattern was expected, the earlier it was
inplemented.
D.
Monitoring equipments and measurement points
There
are mainly three kinds of equipments which were used in monitoring. The first
one is temperature and humidity data collector called "Ondotori".
"Ondotori" has a special sensor which can measure temerature and
humidity of the air at the same time. The second one is the temperature data
collector called "Data Collector". This equipment has so-called
"T type thermocouple" for a wider use. The sensor can measure almost
any kinds of temperature including air, surface and even water. The last thing
is the solarimeter which can measure the amount of sunshine by recording an
integrating voltage. The recording interval for all above mentioned equipments
were set 10 minuits.
There
is another equipment used in the monitoring called Assmann thermometer. Assmann
thermometer can measure dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature, so that the relative
humidity can be figured out with the conversion table. The data was compared
with those from "Ondotori" and "Data Collector" to confirm
if the error range would be acceptable.
Measurement
points are indicated on the attached figure(In the figure, "OT" means
Ondotori, "DC" for Data Collector and "KD" for
Solarimeter). There are mainly four parts to be measured, namely Double
Roofing, Open Common Space, rooms and water tank. On each floor, there are two
rooms to be measured with intensive data collection on "northeastern
room". This is because of Surabaya's
geographical location in the south latitude. Normally rooms located on the
northern side have severe condition in terms of thermal environment.
In the
northeastern room, Globe temperature is also measured. If the normal and Globe
temprature do make difference, it could be concluded that Circulating-Water
Radiant Cooling System has been successful.
IV. The Evaluation of Surabaya
Eco-house---Results of the Passive Cooling
We
started monitoring the thermal environment to verify the effect after
completion of the model building in autumn 1998. Some facts are becoming clear
though we continue to monitor the thermal conditions under various usage mode
and weather conditions..
A. Double Roofing@
Heat-insulation effects of the roof are
going to be ascertained. The effects of ventilating layers and heat-insulating
materials(coconut fibre) are remarkable. Coconut fibre has good heat insulating
properties and can be used for the insulation materials.
B. Windows and Outer-wall for Insulating Sunlight
Heat
C. Open Common Space---Cross Ventilation and
Natural Lighting
D. Ventilation Channels (Private Sections)
E. Cold Storage by Night Ventilation
The concrete floor slab are expected to be
cooled down by massive ventilation at night. The daytime temperatures are about
2 degrees lower than the case without any night ventilation.
F. Circulating-Water Radiant Cooling System.
The effects depend on the temperatures of
well water. It is natural the lower the temperature, the better the effect. The
globe temperature observed on the second floor is lower than the normal
temperature. Probably because rooms are rather closed by wall, floor and
ceiling.
V. The Future Program of Eco-house projects
We would like to discuss the future program
of Eco-house project. We can list the subjects
to be discussed.
A. Next Program of Monitoring
1. Various mode of usage
2. The Effect of Outer Surface Covered Material
3.
B. Improvement of the Model
1. Various Materials for the Outer-wall
including the use of plant(the ivy?)
2. Improvement
of Windows and Outer-wall
3. Improvement Circulating-Water Radiant Cooling
System
New system using the heat in the
œvaporisation?.
4 The Generation System of Electricity by Wind
5. Improvement of the system for Cold Storage by
Night Ventilation
Cool Tube
6. Towards a Autonomous(Echo-cycle) House:
The energies and resources should be
circulated as much as possible in the so called Autonomous house. We want to
use nature as a energy resource as far as possible and a refuse and a
œrejection to the full..
7.
C. How to use the Surabaya Eco-house
1. Eco-house Research Institute? Centre for
Eco-technologies? What kind of subjects
should we study for the next stage?
2.
Centre for Eco-Education? To the local people and children What kind of program
can we prepare?
3. Extension
4..
D. How to prevail the passive cooling
technologies
1. Coconut fibre as a building material: It will
be proved that coconut fibre has the efficiency. How do we prevail coconut
fibre as a building material? Can we get
the users who are willing to use it?
What is the process of making coconut fibre insulation?
2. Cost Analysis for . Circulating-Water Radiant
Cooling System
3. Individual House: Is it necessary to develop
the detached house model?
4.
.
E. How to introduce the Eco-house into the
Public Housing
1. Model Housing Estate
We have the possibilities to enlarge the
project site towards the residential quarter model?
2. Kotamadja Surabaya
a The
Construction of Model House as a public facility like Bale RW in each kampung
b
Model Eco-Village
c
Model Eco-Kampung
d
Model Eco-New Town
3. Perumunas
a Model
Eco-house system based on the ecological balance in the region should be newly
designed.
b Model
Echo-New Town
4. Ministry of Housing
5. The other area in the Humid Tropics
6.
