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ラベル 震災復興 の投稿を表示しています。 すべての投稿を表示
ラベル 震災復興 の投稿を表示しています。 すべての投稿を表示

2025年7月27日日曜日

Mohan Pant、The Nepal Earthquake 2015 and the Rehabilitation Works、 | 2016/01/22 | 海外建築事情, 『建築討論』007号:2016年春(1月-3月)

 http://touron.aij.or.jp/2016/01/498

── By  | 2016/01/22 | 海外建築事情007号:2016年春(1月-3月) | 0 comments


The Nepal Earthquake 2015 and the Rehabilitation Works

 

Mohan Pant

sribahal@gmail.com

In the sunny day on April 12, 2015, at 11:56 local time, a strong earthquake jolted the terrains of Kathmandu Valley. Series of aftershocks in the following months left around 9000 people dead and about half a million of structures collapsed in the zones hit by the earthquake. The magnitude measured is 7.6 and the jolt was experienced for about two minutes. At 12:20, it was hit by a shock of 6.6 and next day by that of 6.9. Another powerful shock of 6.8 on May 12 further damaged the buildings made vulnerable by the first motion and the series of aftershocks. The epicenter of the first jolt was 76 km northwest of Kathmandu in the district of Gorkha in the village of Barapak and of the aftershocks in the neighboring regions (Fig 1).[i] In Barapak itself among its more than 1100 households, only two units in masonry and about 20 RCC units survived taking a toll of 72 lives (Fig 2a,2b).[ii] The human loss would have been much more if it was not simply for the reason that people were out of their home at this day time following usual routine schedules. The school children also were not in the school as it was the weekend day.


Symbolic representations of the damage of this earthquake abound in papers and in websites. Among them is the collapse of Dharahara, a structure of 62 m height first built in 1832 and rebuilt after the 1990 earthquake (Fig 3a,3b). The tower built in fired brick with special mortar that uses lentil, molasses and lime collapsed breaking at its second ring with a slash of about 45 degree. The tower served as a city symbol as it could be seen from many locations of the city. Human casualty is thought to be considerable since there were people at the viewing balcony of this tower, and movement of people in the square around it is always substantial. Another image was a section of a highway connecting Kathmandu and Bhaktapur that sunk by about 1 m from the original road level (Fig 4). The author could observe a crevice of more than two meter deep in the fissure thus created. After around two months, the depressed section of the road was filled up restoring the normal flow of this arterial traffic. But Dharahara is now a point of debate on its cultural and historical significance, and the fate remains uncertain.


To the international community, the scene of damage of the World Heritage Sites—the palace sites of the three cities, and Swayambhunath was enough. In Bhaktapur Palace Square, five monuments are destroyed of which a Sikhara style temple dedicated to Vatsala Devi built in stone totally collapsed from the plinth level (Fig 5a, 5b). A number of other structures suffered serious damage whose walls are now given temporary support from sideways by means of timber posts (Fig 6). The five story temple the symbol of Bhaktapur, standing 30 m high from the ground with a high plinth of 10 m in five receding levels, however, remained intact except the damage at the corner of its topmost level (Fig 7). The temple also had remained intact in the previous earthquake of 1934 whose shock, according to the people who experienced it, was much greater than the present one.



The degree of damage in Patan Palace Square and in Hanuman Dhoka Palace is even severe compared to the scene of Bhaktapur. In Hanuman Dhoka Palace Square, either there is a complete collapse of the structures, or the structures suffered serious damage which requires reconstruction (Fig 8). The complete collapse of Kasthamandap, an ancient wooden structure confirmed from 12th century records, is a testament to judge the level of consciousness of the concerned institutions such as the Department of Archaeology with respect to the vulnerability of historic structures, and on the precautionary measures that should have been taken before any of such disaster takes place (Fig 9a, 9b).




The pattern of damage in the Kathmandu Valley suggests that the tremor hit particular locations more strongly than others. Settlements at the south east direction suffered more than elsewhere. And settlements with soil strata of rock and gravels didn’t suffer much. The buildings that suffered serious damage belonged to relatively older age which was built in brick with mud mortar. The study of various damage situations suggest that the damage occurred more in cases where there was lack of horizontal tie up with the vertical member such as wall masonry.

 Structures that are relatively new, of about 30-40 years, are built in RCC of which a greater majority is built in the past 15 years. This is particularly the case in residential units. These buildings by and large remained intact at least in their structure frame. In certain cases, serious damage occurred such as pancake collapse of the whole building, and falling of infill brick walls of the high rise apartment buildings (Fig 10, Fig 11). These represent situations of design and construction faults that ignored either the nature of soil strata or consideration of the common situation of building damage to be found in the seismic movements.


The April 25 and the May 12 tremor hit 31 districts of Nepal causing damage of different degrees of which 14 are crisis-hit. Around 9000 people lost their life and 22000 were injured. The governments of Nepal figures indicate that 602,257 houses were fully damaged, and 285,099 houses were partially damaged.[iii] The Ministry of Home Affairs has classified the affected regions into three categories—severe, medium and relatively less damage. 14 districts that include Kathmandu valley and its neighboring regions belong to the category of first severity. The total damage due to the quake to the entire country that includes private dwellings, educational and health facilities, government institutions and infrastructure has been estimated to reach 7 billion US dollars.[iv] The Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) done by National Planning Commission at the end of May 2015 gives breakdown in each cluster of services.

 With respect to the temporary shelter to be provided, there are no acts and regulations that stipulate government’s responsibility to the citizens. Ministry of Home Affairs, which holds the responsibility with its Disaster Management Control Unit, didn’t come to the stage to supply the emergency shelter units. The municipalities and district offices did coordinate the donation activities by nongovernmental initiatives didn’t have their own guiding relief activities with respect to the sheltering places.

People took shelter particularly in places such as in the urban squares, school grounds, and residential courtyards (Fig 12a, 12b). In the historic cities of Kathmandu Valley, Buddhist vihara courtyards proved to be of particular importance as emergency shelters. Probably all viharas of the Valley served this purpose with their limited open and sheltering space. Worst as sheltering place were the highway sides where one could find instances of people taking shelter in the green belt at the middle of the highway and using bus stop sheds. The largest shelter ground was the Tudikhel located at the east of the old city area of Kathmandu (Fig 12c).

What the government did with respect to the emergency shelter is the distribution of a limited quantity of tarpaulin sheets of 3.6 x 5.4 m size per family unit. Our observation visit shows that all the tents were supplied by international donors and religious institutions. And a great many of them were covered by plastic sheets that was either in the stock of the people or, if not, bought by the people themselves (Fig 13).

As the days passed on, the rainy season was nearing and the emergency shelters with tarpaulin or tents evidently were not going to protect the inmates from the weather. A shelter that could last for a period before one could move to the permanent home was of immediate necessity. But the government again was unprepared. There doesn’t exist standards to guide the construction of temporary shelters such as that on floor space and other quality matters. The government simply resorted to a measure declaring a support of RS 15000 asking the people to buy CGI sheets to protect them from the weather. The amount was intended for the roofing of two rooms.

The philanthropic organizations were quick from the beginning to provide CGI sheets for the shelter. There were already temporary unit models of CGI sheet material that covered both wall and the roof (Fig 14, 15). People consequently followed the CGI box model for their temporary dwelling unit. However, a unit of 3 x 4 m when covered with cgi sheet both in wall and roofing did cost around Rs 40,000. Yet by now, a great many varieties of such temporary sheds are to be found. Such sheds use recycled material from bricks, CGI sheets to doors and windows ( Fig 16a, 16b). These materials supplement to the Rs 15000 support by the state to get the cgi sheet and minimize the cost in building the shed.

At present, in Bhaktapur, which suffered more damage compared to Patan and Kathmandu, municipal records show that 6411 dwellings out of about 18,000 units in the historic town area suffered total damage (Fig 17a, 17b). More than half of the population has to shift either to temporary shelter or find rooms in rent (Fig 18). A considerable number of households live in their relatives’ place. It has been phenomenal that the houses whose upper story collapsed or suffered serious damage are cleared or dismantled leaving only one level over the ground floor (Fig 19). The floor is then given light CGI roofing. These dwellings are now so called ‘half architecture’ and are utilized for kitchen and storage if not for sleeping in the night for fear of further possible shock. The remodeled two story dwelling and the temporary shed which could be at certain distance from the location of the dwelling complement the regular daily life of the inhabitants.

Clusters of temporary shed are built in open spaces within the city or in the open fields in the fringe (Fig 20). The sites are not the planned evacuation sites. A site in Bhaktapur used for emergency shelter that housed around 100 families suffered from a flood in August 27 and had to shift to other location. Most of the sheds are built with the support of NGOs and NPOs, and are of CGI sheets for both walls and roofing with meager floor space of about 12 sqm. The CGI unit was popularized by the donating agencies and by the state and the local government. However, the performance of such units both in summer and winter is evidently worse and is taking the toll on the health of the refugees particularly to the children, elderly, and adults who require health care. In the ongoing winter, reports of death particularly of elderly due to the cold in the newspapers are creeping in. The state is now giving Rs 10000 to warm the winter cold.

It is a pity to know that there was a general trend on the part of the refugees to wait for state or some philanthropic institution to come to their aid. Local skills and material that were in their reach was not called for. It was only late that there are peoples who rather than waiting any outside help relied back to their own local strength in building their shelter. The local building material and the skill certainly will prove beneficial to the inhabitants in the long run.

The state at the early stage of assessing the damage declared a package of financial assistance to those whose houses were completely damaged. The assistance is a flat amount of Rs 200,000 to both rural and urban households. In addition, Rs 25,00000 to the urban household and Rs 1500000 to the rural ones could be provided in the form of low interest against the bank mortgage. The assistance is planned to be provided in installments as the construction of the house proceeds in stages. Further the dwellings have to meet the new construction standard that is specifically tailored to withstand seismic movements. In terms of technical validity, the rules are of empirical nature. Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) under the Ministry of Urban Development, in November, produced a guideline to be followed and to be referred by the municipalities and rural village development committees. In addition, in October, the Department in collaboration with JICA published 17 model types as a guiding reference in the reconstruction of dwelling units in rural areas.[v] The models, in compliance with National Building Code 1994, are of masonry construction of single and double floors, and either in brick or stone with cement or mud mortar reinforced by RCC horizontal tying bands at plinth, sill, lintel and floor levels (Fig 21a, 21b).

 But the models show lack of consideration of cultural patterns. They hardly reflect the floor plans or built forms of the houses that one finds in the rural settings of Nepal. However, certain instances of reconstruction effort from local initiatives that make a prior study of the locality and are sympathetic to the traditional dwelling form are coming up in the scene[vi].

The PDNA puts forth a number of guidelines to follow in reconstruction process-- community participation, coordinated effort of development partners, use of local resource and expertise, disaster risk reduction and resiliency, development of economic opportunities, environmental sustainability and equity. It also recommends the owner driven reconstruction process—the ODR. These theories of recovery have been formulated decades back, which carries much more weight in paper than in practice[vii]. The financial support by the state to build the individual units is accepted by the people, but the low interest loan works in favor of the people with property to mortgage.

Immediately following the aftermath of the quake, the state put a moratorium in building constructions asking the people to wait until a new regulation was formulated. On November, the Ministry of Urban Development brought forth a set of guidelines that controls the design and construction of the building in both the rural and town areas.[viii] To make these regulations work, there is a dire need of capacity building of the municipalities that now count to 217.

Further, the guidelines are to be adopted by respective municipalities while tailoring to their particular standards and needs. Historic towns of the Valley have special problems. After eight months, cities like Bhaktapur have not yet been able to come up with the new regulations. In this uncertainty, there are already instances of beginning of rebuilding by the households in their plots over the same footprint of the damaged building (Fig 22a, 22b).

A more progressive initiative in the reconstruction is shown by a community of Pilachen neighborhood at the eastern quarter of Patan. The locality has formed a community that includes around 85 households whose houses suffered various degree of damage. Their plan is to build together from the ground. But it is going to be in the same footprint of the earlier unit and will be built to meet the individual requirements of floor space. Community spaces such as streets and courtyards and shrines will be part of this community project. The project also explores new economic opportunities to attract tourists with facilities of home stay.

Concepts of urban regeneration are in the air and, occasionally, are the news highlights. However, the individual interests and conservative suspicions are a hard knot to crack, and hinder the way for a concerted community action. Municipality personnel can’t be excluded from this mindset.

Until now, the state has not taken initiatives to reconstruct the villages or the towns that have suffered a degree of damage that asks for the development in the scale of the village or a town block. It is at such places that the state will be in the position to realize the ‘Building Back Better’ concept embodied in the principle guidelines for reconstruction. This is also an opportunity to develop the areas that were inaccessible sectors of the quarter and where living environment were degrading due to excessive construction both in height and density. Entirely left to the principle of ODR, there is an evident danger that houses will be built in the same plots despite their inherent problems of access and difficult plot geometry making them similarly vulnerable to the future earthquakes. Steps towards this direction are urgently necessary to make the use of the financial resource effective that now takes around one third of the annual national development budget. The state should formulate relevant financial and legal framework for community action to support and guide the reconstruction initiatives. International Agencies and governments, such as the government of Japan, which has pledged the assistance of 30 billion yen for the post disaster recovery, should find a strategic framework of cooperation in this direction of housing and town building.[ix] The state at least could build small pilot projects in association with the local communities and create an atmosphere where real life experience is possible that will guide the community further in the rehabilitation and reconstruction works.

It is to be noted that following the 1934 earthquake a section at the southeastern part of the old city of Kathmandu was redeveloped introducing certain ideas of planning of the time (Fig 23). This experience almost is a forgotten past. Likewise, casual observation of the settlements of the Valley suggests an established tradition of community initiatives in building the towns.[x] It is only in modern times that the role of the state and of the community has devolved leaving all the responsibility to ODR. However, it is of importance to note that the post disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation work is an excellent opportunity to invoke the exemplary traditions and the value of which will pay back any financial expenses made in this regard when meeting the present needs.

List of Figures

 

 

Fig 1. Distribution of intensity of Nepal Earthquake 2015, April 25 (Wall Street Journal, US Geological Survey).

Fig 2a. The epicenter—Barpak, Gorkha. This hilly rural settlement thoroughly collapsed.

Fig 2b. Barpak before the quake.

Fig 3a. Dharahara before the quake (Wikimedia)

Fig 3b. Dharahara after the quake (Narendra Shrestha).

Fig 4. The quake created a fault in the Bhaktapur-Kathmandu section of Araniko Highway leading to the Chinese Border

Fig 5a. The Bhaktapur Palace Square (at the centre is the Vatsala devi temple in Sikhara style)

Fig 5b. The Vatsala devi temple collapsed from the plinth level.

Fig 6. Buildings of heritage importance are now supported by the side stays. The photo is a residential building in Khauma, Bhaktapur.

Fig 7. The Nyatapola (Five Story) Temple, Bhaktapur.

Fig 8. The medieval Hanuman Dhoka Palace in Kathmandu  suffered most serious damage. At right is 19th c neoclassical palatial building; In the front can be seen two pyramid like structures which are the stepped plinths of the two three tired temples that collapsed

Fig 9a. Kasthamandap, Hanumandhoka Palace Square. A 19th c painting, History of Nepal (Oldfield, H.)

Fig 9b. Kasthamandap after the quake. The structural members are transported to other location within the square.

Fig 10. The pancake type collapse of RCC structure, Sitapaila, Kathmandu.

Fig 11. The collapse of infill brick walls in a highrise apartment structure, Kathmandu.

Fig 12a, 12b. People taking emergency shelter in Sundhara Square (12a), and at a pati, a colonnaded structure (12b), Patan.

Fig 12c. Tudikhel, Kathmandu. Within a week the population taking emergency shelter reached around 12,000.

Fig 13. The tarpaulin sheet used for the emergency shelter

Fig 14. A model shelter by Arun Chaudhari put at Tudikhel, Kathmandu.

Fig 15. The CGI sheet boxes are the most common scene at present adopted for the transitional shelter.

Fig 16a, 16b. Different forms of the transitional shelter. The use of recycle materials. 16a uses the wooden members of the collapsed house; 16b uses fine earth packed plastic bags for walls and reuse of windows.

Fig 17a. A Damage Assessment map of Bhaktapur. UNOSAT (unitar.org/unosat)

Fig 17b. Jelan neighborhood, at the east of Bhaktapur, suffered heavy damage

Fig 18. A survey showing damage assessment of houses in Taulachhen, Bhaktapur. It also shows houses that are considered uninhabitable by the residents (Survey: Khwopa Engineering College, B. Arch 4th yr).

Fig 19. When the top floors collapsed, the dwellings are given roof at second floor and used for living or storage, Khala, Bhaktapur.

Fig 20. Clusters of temporary sheds of CGI sheets are built in available open spaces and in fields at the fringe of the old city.

Fig 21a, 21b. One of the model houses proposed by JICA and DUDBC for rural areas.

Fig 22a, 22b. New RCC structures and brick in mud mortar being built in the original dwelling sites, Bhaktapur.

Fig 23. A new area redevelopment immediately following the 1936 great earthquake, Kathmandu. 


[i] Gorkha bhukampa, 2072 (Gorkha Earthquake, 2015), Govt of Nepal, Jeth 12.

[ii] Milan Bagale, Barpak visit report (unpublished); Tandan, Pramod Kumar, Hakahaki, Dec 2072.

[iii] drrportal.gov.np

[iv] Nepal Earthquake 2015 Post Disaster Needs Assessment, Vol A: Key Findings; Vol B: Sector Reports. Govt of Nepal, National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, 2015.

[v] Design Catalogue for Earthquake Resistant Houses, Vol 1, Govt of Nepal, Ministry of Urban Development and Building Construction, Nepal Housing Reconstruction Programme, 2015, Oct.

[vi] A reconstruction program in Gudel Village, Solukhumbu initiated by Gudel Kiduk Samaj and CODE, Kobe.

[vii] Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy (GSDMA), The Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, 2001.

[viii] Vasti vikas, sahari yojana tatha bhaban nirman sambandhi mapadanda, 2072 (Standard on Housing, Town Planning and Building Construction, 2015), Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), 2015 Oct.

[ix] The Himalayan Times > Business > Japan assistance for Nepal earthquake recovery, Dec 21, 2015. This is a follow up of the International Conference on Nepal’s Reconstruction held on June 25, 2015.

[x] Stupa and Swastika—Historic Urban Planning Principles, Pant Mohan and Funo Shuji, 2007, Kyoto University Press.


2025年1月26日日曜日

台湾(921集集)大地震・震災復興計画報告、 上 未だに残る傷跡 ようやく仮設住宅が完成 多様な社区営造(まちづくり)への模索、下 歴史的環境の復興、日刊建設工業新聞、20000413、0414

台湾(921集集)大地震・震災復興計画報告

未だに残る傷跡

ようやく仮設住宅が完成

多様な社区営造(まちづくり)への模索

布野修司

 

 中央研究院でこの九月に開く植民都市に関するシンポジウムの打ち合わせと震災復興の調査を兼ねて台湾を訪れた(三月一六日~二四日)。三月一八日は総統選投票日である。二一日は大地震から丁度半年に当たり、全ての法律の運用を柔軟に適用する緊急命令の期限(二四日)が来る。投票日直前、李遠哲中央研究院院長が民進党陳水扁候補を支持して辞任、中国からミサイルが発射された一九九六年の最初の総統選の際ほどではないにせよ、異様な政治的緊張の中での訪台となった。結果は民進党が辛勝。国民党の分裂選挙による敗北が李登輝の退陣につながったことはご承知の通りである。

 台風の目となったノーベル化学賞受賞者、李遠哲氏は、実は、中華民国社区営造学会会長でもある。この間の社区総体営造(まちづくり)運動をリードしてきた。九二一集集大地震後は、全国民間災後重建連盟の理事長をつとめる。台湾の未来の方向を握る文字通りのキーパースンである。社区営造学会の秘書(事務局)長は、早稲田大学で学んだ台湾大学城郷研究所の陳亮全氏、震災以前より機関誌『新故郷』を刊行し、震災後の復興計画のために二九チームに助成を行っている。以下は、社区営造学会を通じた震災復興活動の最前線についてのレポートである。

 

①社区総体営造の拠点-埔里 

 難航する権利調整-東勢

 総統選投票日前日の四〇万人近く集めた台北サッカー場での民進党の集会はものすごい盛り上がりであった。その大集会が最高潮に達する頃マイクを握ったのが陳其南交通大学教授である。いささか興奮した。前々日の夜再会し、親しく語らったばかりだったからである。陳其南教授は四年前には行政院の文化建設委員会にあり、まさに社区総体営造運動を創始(九四年)した人物である。社区とはコミュニティ(近隣社会)を意味する。移民社会で、基本的に中国人特有の家族主義の強い台湾では、戦後も国民党の強権政治が続いたこともあって、コミュニティの力が弱い。外省人(大陸系)と内省人(台湾人)の対立も根深い。だから、社区営造こそがこれからの重要テーマなのだ、と彼は力説する。

 社区営造学会秘書長の陳亮全、『新故郷』編集委員の曽旭光淡交大学副教授に合ったのは投票日当日であった。震災後の様々な取組みを取材する中で、ひとつの焦点として浮かび上がったのが埔里(南投県)である。一八一人が亡くなった埔里は都市部では東勢(台中県)についで死者の多かった街である。その埔里に新故郷文教基金会が設立され、雑誌『新故郷』が創刊されたのは、震災半年前であった。すなわち、社区営造学会のひとつの拠点は埔里に置かれていたのだ。中心人物は、総編集長廖嘉展氏である。彼は社区総体営造運動に関わるなかで李遠哲氏から雑誌編集の責任者に指名されたのである。

 震災後、「埔里家園重建工作站」がすぐさま組織された。重建とは再建の意である。続いて「婆婆媽媽工作隊」が結成(一〇月一五日)された。婆婆媽媽、おばあさん、おかあさんパワーの結集である。埔里の事務所では十数人の女性がきびきびと飛び回っている。様々な基金を得ながら、住民の要求がまとめられた。まず、緊急の課題になったのが小中学校の復旧である。阪神淡路大震災と違って、学校の被害が致命的であった。各地区の将来像も描かれた段階だ。しかし、物理的再建のみが問題にされているわけではない。「身心安住」「各有其位」(従前の場所に住み続ける)「経済復甦」「人文発展」があって「空間改造」である。そして、「計画的可行性」(実現性)「人力資源的在地化」(地域性)「計画効果的延続性」(持続性)が計画原則とされる。

 全てが順調にいっているわけではない。県政府との関係で対立点も出てきている。全てを失い目標を失って虚脱状態になっている人も多いという。東勢の本街でも権利関係の調整が難航している。こうした社区総体営造の草の根活動は開始されたばかりである。再建も具体的にはこれからだ。三月二四日東勢本街を新総統陳水扁氏が訪れた。本街南平里重建委員会の中心、王昌敏氏が後輩で強力な支援者であるという縁である。李遠哲氏がはっきり支持を表明した民進党の勝利は社区総体営造運動を加速することになろう。

 

②歴史的環境の復興

 仮設住宅の創意工夫

 集集ー日月潭

 震源地集集では三八人が亡くなった。集集鎮全体で全壊一七三六戸、半壊七九二人、合わせて六九パーセントが被害を受けた。中心の街、集集里でも全壊一四三戸、半壊六四戸六一パーセントがダメージを受けた。鉄道は波打つように切断され木造の集集駅は大きく傾いた。工事現場用鉄板で囲われていた。隣の鉄路博物館は傾いたまま放置されている。

 鎮公所(町役場)で鎮長林明水(さんずい)秦に短い時間会った。すこぶる元気でこの震災をむしろ好機と考えて街づくりを展開しようとしていると聞いたからである。倒壊した廟「武昌宮」もそのまま保存して観光資源にするのだという。また、歴史的町並みを復元するのだという。

 一体どういうルールで町並み復興をするのか、と問うと、すぐさま仮設住宅の建ち並ぶ中にある一室へ案内された。建築確認申請の事務所と考えていい。「集集鎮災後住屋重建補助方法」(二月一日公告)によって、施工費(坪当たり三〇〇〇元(約一〇万円)、最高額一五万元)と設計料(平米当たり四〇〇元、最高額五万円)の補助を行うのである。規定は、二メートルのセットバック、勾配瓦屋根(斜屋)の採用などであり、色彩の規定はない。最終的には委員会によって決定される。事務所には、模型の街屋街区が置かれ、三層のモデル住戸プランが示されている。これまで申請があったものは基本的にモデル提案に沿ったものだという。

 震災直後から集集鎮に救援に入ったのは、忠原大学の室内設計系、特教(特別教育)系を中心としたチーム(集集民間重建工作站)である。彼らは現在も月一度訪れ、半壊建物の指導や学童との交流を行っている。彼らはすぐさま文化資産として歴史的建造物の調査を行う(「集集受災歴史建築物調査複勘報告」)。そして、集集歴史建築導覧地図が作られた(二月一九日)。歴史的街区の復元は、その作業に基づいている。

 伝統的文化の継承という意味で興味深いのは原住民集落の復興である。なかでも興味深い試みとして日月潭のタオ族の仮設住宅地建設がある。設計を担当するのは建築家謝英俊氏。現場に事務所を移して陣頭指揮を執る。軽量鉄骨の骨組みに竹で屋根、壁を組むシンプルな構法である。これだと建設に原住民が参加でき、日当も手に入れることが出来る。近接して神戸から送られた仮設住宅が建てられていたが、その思想の違いは明らかである。原住民にとっては単に住空間があればいいというわけではない。具体的には祭祀のための空間が必要である。慈済二村(埔里鎮)という仏教系慈善団体が寄付をした原住民のための仮設住宅地も見たけれど、共通の広場がきちんと設けられていた。仮設住宅地と言えども多様な創意工夫がある。

 

③すっかり禿げた山肌 

 過疎化に悩む農村 

 中寮郷龍安ー魚池郷長寮尾

  台湾では、区域計画法に基づいて、都市区域と非都市区域が分けられている。また農村地区について、郷村区(200人以上)、農村聚落(200人未満)、原住民社区が区別される。今回の大地震の特徴は、多くの農村が被災したことである。全域が都市化していたら、死者二〇〇〇人ではすまず、阪神淡路大震災の死者を遙かに超えたことは間違いない。

 農村部を回るとところどころに傷跡が残っている。道路はがたがたしで、放置されている被災建物も少なくない。仮設居住のためのコンテナがやたらに目立つ。そして、異様なのは山の樹木がずり落ちて黄色い山肌がむき出しになっていることである。大地震は自然の景観もすっかり変えてしまった。

 一七八人がなくなった中寮郷の龍安里、内城里、清水里を東海建築工作隊の徐明松氏の案内で訪れた。彼はイタリアから帰国して台中で事務所を開いたばかりで震災に遭い、以後中寮郷の復興計画に取り組んでいる。週に一、二回は通うという。東海大学では寮郷の他、大里の復興計画に取り組む。また、関華山副教授が原住民集落の復興を担当する。

 龍安でチームはまず全体計画を立てた。村の共同作業場に大きな模型が置かれている。復興住宅のモデルも街家型、農家型がすぐさま用意された。標準設計に従えば設計料を補助するというが、住宅復興はこれからである。半年を経てようやく仮設住宅が竣工した段階だ。また、高齢者のための共同厨房が着工したところであった。

 注目すべきは龍安八景の整備計画である。共同水場の整備をはじめとして、景観的に維持されるべき八景が設定されている。村長とともに村を見下ろす丘に登ったのであるが、彼もまた震災復興を村おこしにつなげる視点をしっかりもっていた。過疎化、高齢化が共通の悩みである。農水路、道路の復旧は第一であるが、農業振興、頭打ちになりつつある檳榔(びんろう)栽培に加えてパイナップル・ワインの開発など熱っぽく語ってくれた。

 農村集落の場合、建築家にとってどう集落景観をつくるのかがテーマだろうと社区総体営造運動の創始者陳其南交通大学教授はいう。七四の農村集落が重点復興村とされているが、そのひとつ陳其南氏が関わる長寮尾(魚池郷)に行ってみた。村の中心に廟があり、その前の集落はほとんど倒壊したままだ。復興支援の県政府のバスが図書館に変わってポツンと取り残されている。まず復興されたのは村の中心となる廟だ。全て顔見知りだったから、誰が居ないかすぐ分かった、全員無事救出できたという。鍵となったのはしっかりしたコミュニティの存在であった。そして、興味深いのは都市と農村との里親-里子制度である。廟の再建に当たって新竹市の全面支援を受けたという。各都市が被災農村を支援するかたちが出来上がっているのである。


  


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